Planning Your Partitions

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Home >=20 Articles = > Here

PLANNING YOUR PARTITIONS
Version 3.7 =97 Revised August 5, 2005
Click here to = refresh this=20 page & its menu bar.
Receive notice whenever this page is updated. =

NOTE: I haven=92t yet = comprehensively updated=20 this article for Windows 2000/XP. Reading through it, although I see = some=20 different directions I might go, I don=92t see anything that screams = out for=20 mandatory revision, so the rewrite will be a low-priority back-burner = task.=20 More multiboot issues could be addressed, and a different spin given = to some=20 of the other topics, but, substantially, I think the article is sound = for Win=20 2K/XP as well.

In Windows 2000/XP, get used to using the term = =93volume=94 instead=20 of =93partition.=94 In practice, on most desktop systems, the two = terms mean the=20 same thing, though technically they mean different things. Since, on = Win=20 2000/XP dynamic disks, =93partitions=94 can include spanned volumes, I = submit that=20 there is no practical difference in the terms. If you want to dig = further into=20 the fine points, start with the =93Help & Support Center=92s=94=20 Glossary.

Partitions are =93parts=94 =97 parts of your hard drive. That is, = they are logical=20 divisions of a hard disk, which show up to the operating system as = if=20 they were physically distinct hard drives.

Besides general convenience, the main advantages of carefully = planning and=20 optimizing your partitions are that it will make your computer

run faster=20
crash less=20
be more efficient in general.

The main questions that confront a user are: Do you want to have your = hard=20 drive as one large single partition, or as several? and, If you want = multiple=20 partitions, what=92s the best way to set them up?

There are two ways to partition your drives:

FDisk, which is free with Windows, and which will wipe out the = contents of=20 existing partitions in making any changes to them (therefore, backups = are=20 definitely recommended!).=20
Third party partitioning programs, of which the best is still Partition=20 Magic, and which do not wipe out your data.

Before Win95B =97 specifically, before FAT32 =97 the most important = reasons for=20 partitioning were based on limitations in the FAT file system. The = larger the=20 partition, the less efficiently it stores data. Also, FAT (now usually = called=20 FAT16) has an upper limitation of 2 GB for its largest partitions. These = limitations still apply to anyone using a version of Win95 earlier than = Win95B=20 (OSR2), or anyone still using FAT16 rather than FAT32 (for whatever = reason).

With FAT32, the inefficiency of storing data does not appear until 8 = GB, and=20 even then the inefficiency is still small. With FAT16 systems, that = problem=20 first appeared at 512 MB, and was quite serious by the time a partition = was a=20 mere 1 GB =97 with up to one-third of the used space on the drive being = wasted=20 space.

Nonetheless, there are still good reasons to have multiple partitions = today.=20 With hard drive sizes measured in scores of GB, more good reasons appear = every=20 month! Here are some of the good reasons, along with suggestions on how = to plan=20 your partitions when setting up your hard drive:

KEEP C: SIMPLE

Reserve the C: partition for just Windows, and for things that = will=20 not work unless they are installed on C:. There aren=92t many, but there = are a=20 few. (In Windows 95, you can even install most of Internet Explorer off = of C: to=20 save lots of space, but this is not realistic beginning with = Win98.) Once=20 you decide how much room you really need on C:, allow a little extra = =93growing=20 room=94 =97 at least 200-500 MB.

Besides the C: partition for Windows and a few other things, the = majority of=20 the rest of your hard drive can be saved for all of your programs =97 in = fact, for=20 everything else you want to put on it =97 except for a few specialty = partitions=20 listed below.

DEDICATED SWAP FILE PARTITION

I am a strong advocate of having the swap file on its own partition. = On=20 Win95B/98, even if you are using FAT32 for the rest of your hard drive, = I=20 recommend that you make the swap file partition=92s cluster size as = large as=20 possible, i.e., 32 KB. On Win95 this cluster size change had a = definite=20 effect of speeding up the computer=92s performance; on Win98 this is = less evident,=20 and the gain may be totally negated by other factors =97 it is more = evident on=20 older, slower systems, and probably not worth the bother on today=92s = faster=20 systems. I do not recommend 32 KB clusters on the Windows = Millennium=20 Edition swap file partition.

Make this swap file partition of generous size =97 perhaps as much as = twice as=20 large as you think you need it to be. Disk space is cheap these days. = Even=20 though my Win98 swap file never got much over about 180 MB in size, I = set a 500=20 MB swap file partition. What size should yours be? Monitor actual swap = file=20 usage for a while and decide. Given today=92s hard drive sizes, = there=92s usually no=20 reason to be chinchy. I suggest you determine the largest your swap file = ever=20 routinely gets, and double it. (NOTE: This is = important even if=20 you are letting Windows handle the swap file entirely, with no user=20 modifications: Make sure that the partition where it is located has = ample free=20 room. The guideline just given will work for most.)

You will get your best gain from moving the swap file if you have two = physical hard drives. (For many reasons, I always prefer having two = physical=20 hard drives, rather than one larger one.) Put the swap file partition as = the=20 first partition on the second drive. If you do not have two separate = hard=20 drives, the performance gains from this placement will be offset by = certain=20 performance degradations, and only by experimentation on your unique = computer=20 with your unique usage pattern can you determine whether the net change = is a=20 gain, a loss, or no difference at all.

In either case, there are other significant advantages to having the = swap=20 file on its own partition, so you may want to do this even if you get no = performance gain, or even if you get a small performance loss. Some of = these=20 issues are discussed more completely elsewhere in this article, but, to = mention=20 them briefly, they include containment of =93fragmentation contagion=94 = to the rest=20 of the drive (which can have quite a significant positive effect on = overall=20 machine performance); a very significant advantage in protection against = lost=20 files in the case of accidental deletion and difficult recovery; and = advantages=20 if you boot multiple versions of Windows (a common custom when = Beta-testing an=20 operating system, or migrating from one version of Windows to another, = or=20 software development =97 among other situations), since you will only = need to take=20 up room on the hard drive for one swap file instead of two or more.

But what if you are dual booting Windows 98 or ME (which, by default = uses=20 win386.swp for its swap file) and one NT-based OS such = as=20 Windows 2000 or XP (which uses pagefile.sys for the = same=20 purpose)? Do you have to take up twice as much space by having two such = files=20 just because they use different names? No, you can simplify. Just change = the=20 default name of the Win98 or ME swap file to = pagefile.sys and=20 use the same file for both purposes. (Thanks to Pierre Griffet in the = AumHa=20 Forums for pointing out this obviuos-now-that-I-see-it trick.) In the = Windows 98=20 or ME system.ini file, just add the following in the=20 [386enh] section (where x is whatever = partition holds=20 your swapfile/pagefile):

PagingFile=3Dx:\PAGEFILE.SYS
PagingDrive=3D= x:

For some thoughts on the placement of the swap file (more properly, = =93page=20 file=94) on a Windows XP computer, see Alex Nichol=92s article, = Virtual Memory = in Windows=20 XP.

TEMPORARY FILES PARTITION

After the swap file partition, the next one to create is one to hold = all of=20 your temporary files and folders. These change most rapidly, and are = easily=20 discardable. If they are left on a partition with Windows, with your = apps, or=20 with the swap file, they can spread rampant =93fragmentation = contagion=94 that will=20 slow down your computer and make it more vulnerable to crashes. I have a = 500 MB=20 partition for this (just because I have the room), but rarely use even = 25 MB of=20 it. (For years I had it sized at 100 MB. A size of 50 MB should serve = most=20 people.)

Transfer such folders as Recent, Temp, and Temporary Internet Files to this folder. Don=92t just = drag them!=20 Move them as follows:

Temporary Internet Files (TIF)

Move this from inside of Internet Explorer (Tools | = Internet=20 Options), or from the Internet Options applet in the Control Panel. = In=20 either case, it is on the General tab, Temporary Internet Files box, = Settings=20 button, Move Folder button.

Temp

In Windows 95, 98, and ME, you need to relocate this in two = places.=20 The first is in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. To move the = Temp folder=20 to the H: partition, for example, the lines would be:

SET Temp=3DH:\TEMP
SET = Tmp=3D%TEMP%

You also must make a change in the Registry. Go to the following = key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\=
Explorer\VolumeCaches\Temporary=20 Files

Edit the Folder value (in the right pane) to be = the location=20 you desire for the Temp folder.

In Windows XP the procedure is different. Go to System = Properties=20 (Win+Pause, or Control Panel | System, or right-click My Computer and = click=20 Properties), click Advanced, click Environment Variables, and edit the = locations=20 you want for Temp and Tmp in the top =93User Variables=94 box (for your = individual=20 profile) and in the bottom =93System Variables=94 box (which controls = system-wide=20 settings). You must be logged in as an administrator to change system = variables=20 such as Temp and Tmp.

Recent

You move Recent with TweakUI, in = the=20 =93Special Folders=94 box. (In the current version of TweakUI, this is = on the My=20 Computer tab. On older versions, it is on the General tab.) Change the = value for=20 =93Recent Documents.=94

Unfortunately, the unnecessary complexities introduced into the = Windows=20 XP file structure (adopting the =93Documents & Settings=94 = folder model of=20 Windows 2000) does not allow for an easy shift of this folder, which has = been=20 renamed My Recent Documents. Instead of attempting to force the = system to=20 relocate it, you may simply want a shortcut to the folder so you can = frequently=20 clean it out. TweakUI for Windows XP does not provide a way to relocate = a user=92s=20 copy of the My Recent Documents folder. (The fastest way there, by the = way, is=20 to type =93recent=94 =97 without the quotation marks =97 in a Run = box.)

IN WINDOWS 95, 98, and ME, leave the old (empty) = versions of=20 these folders in their old locations. This prevents some general = problems=20 with Windows thinking they are there. (Every now and then, some = program=20 has the default locations hard-coded. It costs you nothing to leave the = old ones=20 in place.) The methods recommended for relocating these folders in = Windows=20 XP don=92t require that old copies be left behind, however.

ACCESS TO FAVORITE CD CONTENTS

I have devoted about 10 GB of one hard drive to holding downloads of = the=20 entire contents of some CDs that I can execute right off the hard drive, = rather=20 than off the much slower CD-ROM drive. Most importantly, I have = downloaded the=20 entire Windows CD to my hard drive (not just the .CAB files), and = actually installed the OS from there instead of from the CD. That means = that any=20 time I want to make any change in my Windows installation, I do not have = to put=20 in the CD =97 it is all onboard and works very fast. Same with = the complete=20 Office 2000 CD contents (the first two CDs). Notice that this type of = partition=20 (like the swap file partition) does not need to be backed up in your = routine=20 backups, since nothing is modified on it. In the event of a crash and = data loss,=20 just recopy the CDs to the hard drive anytime you want.

SEPARATE PROGRAM PARTITION

Part of =93keeping C: simple=94 is setting aside a specific partition = just for=20 your installed applications. Don=92t move this one too far down the hard = drive,=20 though =97 you probably want these on a relatively fast part of the hard = drive,=20 and relatively close to C:. I=92ve found the best balance to be having = the program=20 files partition separated from C: only by the data partition = discussed=20 immediately below.

Using TweakUI ver. = 1.33,=20 under =93Special Folders,=94 you can reassign the location of Windows=92 = standard=20 =93Program Files=94 folder to be a partition of your choosing. For = example, I have=20 mine set to be F:\. This has another convenience: When you install a new = application, the Windows installer will automatically select this = location as=20 the place to install your new program.

SEPARATE DATA PARTITION

Speaking of backups =97 and, despite the fact that I strongly = encourage regular=20 backups of 100% of your computer system (entire OS, programs, data, = etc.) =97 most=20 computers today are horribly lacking in adequate backup media. You say = you have=20 a CD writer? Well, I don=92t know how that=92s going to help you backup = the entire=20 contents of the multi-gigabyte hard drive you also have. So, quite=20 understandably, some people backup only their data =97 word processing = and=20 spreadsheet files, other data files, and program product/output of all=20 sorts.

This is one of the great advantages of the My Documents folder on = Win98 and=20 later. It gives one common location for all such content. You can just = backup=20 the one folder (and all of its subfolders, and their subfolders = =97 your=20 entire document hierarchy). But, you might consider moving My Documents = from its=20 default location. I have one partition set aside for this. Using = TweakUI, as you=20 did for the =93Recent=94 folder, move My Documents to its own partition. = (I have=20 mine defined as E:\.) On some versions of Windows, this is even easier:=20 Right-click the My Computers desktop icon, select Properties, then edit = the=20 =93Target Folder Location=94 box.

This has several advantages beyond those already mentioned. For one, = it=20 ensures greater protection against data loss in the event of a crash or = bad=20 shutdown, and especially for a wrongly deleted file. When you delete a = file, it=20 is usually possible to undelete it so long as the same part of the hard = drive=20 hasn=92t been overwritten. The Windows partition, and especially the = partion(s) of=20 the swap file and temporary files, will have quite a lot of write = activity, even=20 during the course of a reboot. By isolating data files from these, you = decrease=20 the chance your wrongly deleted data will be overwritten.

Also, MS-MVP Alex Nichol has observed a relationship between the very = slow=20 folder opening problem in Windows Explorer that users often report, and = the=20 default My Documents hierarchy. He reports that by moving My Documents = as=20 indicated here, the problem is resolved in many cases.

MULTIPLE OPERATING SYSTEMS

If you are booting multiple operating systems, in most cases you will = want=20 separate partitions for each one. This isn=92t the only way to do it, = and there=20 are many things to take into consideration; but this is one of the most = popular=20 ways to do it. And, by now, Microsoft specifically recommends each = separate OS=20 have its own partition: see MSKB = 217210.

An exception to this is if you are booting Windows 98 and Windows = NT/2000/XP.=20 NT/2000/XP will install itself right on the C: partition with Win98, and = provide=20 a multiboot menu at startup. Just make sure, before you start, that the = C:=20 partition is in a file format all of your operating systems can read. = Use the=20 table below to determine what file format each OS can read:

Win95 (original and A): FAT16=20
Win95B (also called OSR2): FAT16 and FAT32=20
Win98 & Win ME: FAT16 and FAT32=20
Win NT 4.0: FAT16 & NTFS 4=20
Win 2000 & Win XP: FAT16, FAT32, NTFS 4, & NTFS 5=20

OTHER IDEAS

There are other reasons you might want multiple partitions.

There are other advantages to multiple partitions which I have not = mentioned=20 (some of which were suggested by partitioning and multiboot wiz, MS-MVP = Lee=20 Chapelle). Besides the broad, important issues of keeping fragmentation = down=20 (and thus enhancing system performance overall) with swap file and temp = file=20 partitions, separate partitions also makes defragmentation of your hard = drive=20 contents go much faster. (Do you know how long it will take to defrag = that new=20 80 GB drive you just bought if you leave it in one partition?!) Other = system=20 maintenance, such as ScanDisk / Norton Disk Doctor are accelerated, as = well, if=20 you have smaller individual partitions. You can isolate data on = particular=20 partitions, and even hide it easily, by clicking off the partition=92s = drive=20 letter on the TweakUI My Computer tab. On networked systems, it gives = you easier=20 control of selective file sharing. And, quite simply, it makes the = logical=20 organization of your hard drive a great deal easier.

Also, having data divided into more partitions gives a further edge = of=20 protection when you need to recover lost files: In recovering a deleted = file,=20 the main thing to fear =97 yes, that=92s right, fear! =97 is the file = getting=20 overwritten. Windows creates many temp files as it works, so if these = are on the=20 same partition as your programs and data, there is a high likelihood = that the=20 deleted file will be overwritten before you get around to recovering it. = With=20 multiple partitions, there is only a risk of overwrites by other files = on the=20 same partition.

SAMPLE: Partitions on My Computer

Commonly, I am asked how I partition my hard drives. Over = time, this=20 changes, of course. This article was originally written when my two = drives were=20 a 3.5 GB and a 2 GB. This changed to a 6 GB and the 3.5, then a 15 GB = and the 6,=20 and then a 20 GB and the 15. Pretty much all of the advice given above = is=20 appropriate for drives across this entire range of sizes, and even = larger. At=20 that point, I had the following structure (numbers are rounded a = bit):

Drive 0 (15 = GB):	C:	1.0 GB	Alternate primary (hidden), Windows 98
C:	2.5 GB	Alternate primary (hidden) Windows ME
C:	2.9 GB	Primary partition (active): Windows XP, & as = little=20 else as possible
E:	3.2 GB	Data: =93My Documents=94 is defined as E:\. Also, = IE Favorites=20 folder & OE data store.
F:	4.2 GB	Programs
G:	675 MB	Downloaded programs: Original downloads preserved = to=20 assist in future reinstallations
Drive 1 (20 = GB):	D:	500 MB	Swap File / Pagefile (primary partition)
H:	500 MB	Disposable Temp files
I:	5.0 GB	Downloads of various program CDs
J:	13.5 GB	Multiple backups of partitions C:, E:, F:, G: = (usually 4=20 generations of backups, plus a few interim partials, fits in this = space,=20 when backed up with MS Backup)

Currently, the 15 GB has been replaced with an 80 GB, with the 20 = still kept=20 as the secondary drive. This is way more room than I need at = present, so=20 my partition structures are very spacious, almost sloppily wasteful. = Here is my=20 present partition structure.

NOTE: A so-called =9380 GB=94 drive, or one with = about 80=20 billion bytes, is really 74.5 (binary) GB (1 GB =3D 2 to the 30th = power).=20 Similarly, a so-called =9320 GB=94 drive is less than 19 (binary) GB. = Binary-based=20 computer terms such as KB, MB, and GB, are based on a number system = where the=20 =93thousand=94 is really 1,024 (2 to the 10th power). But if you were = a hard drive=20 salesman and, by a trick of language, were able to take a 74.5 GB = drive and=20 call it an 80 GB drive... which do you think would appeal to your = customer=20 more, eh?

Drive 0 (80 = GB):	C:	5.25 GB	Primary partition (active): Windows XP, & as = little=20 else as possible
C:	7.25 GB	Alternate primary (hidden) for future OS
E:	5.0 GB	Data: =93My Documents=94 is defined as E:\. Also, = IE Favorites=20 folder & OE data store.
F:	10.0 GB	Programs
G:	1.5 GB	Downloaded programs: Original downloads preserved = to=20 assist in future reinstallations
H:	500 MB	Disposable Temp files
I:	10.0 GB	Downloads of various program CDs
J:	35.0 GB	=93Reserved for future expansion.=94 (That is, = sitting=20 empty.)
Drive 1 (20 = GB):	D:	500 MB	Swap File / Pagefile (primary partition)
K:	18.5 GB	Multiple backups of partitions C:, E:, F:, G: = (usually 4=20 generations of backups, plus a few interim partials, fits in this = space,=20 when backed up with MS Backup)

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